“This technical paper provides a literature review and critical analysis on the following aspects of non-economic losses of climate change: the conceptual background, including how non-economic losses contribute to loss and damage and the total cost of climate change; the main types of non-economic losses that might occur and the ways in which they may materialize; various assessment techniques available to estimate non-economic losses, both generically and through concrete examples of current practice; and implications of the different assessment techniques for the identification of non-economic risks and the design of practical adaptation actions to manage them.“